Articles and analysis

The last weeks of the summer of 2015 have been filled with dramatic events affecting the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Death and suffering accompanies the unstoppable flow of people into Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and through the Balkans, driven in part by cruel murders perpetrated by terrorists of the so called Islamic State or Daesh in Syria, Iraq and other countries. In Syria years of civil war have irreparably damaged the regime of President Assad, have destroyed much of the country, and have displaced almost half its population.

As a result of these bloody events there has been a worsening of the situation in the Middle East and particularly in Lebanon, reeling before the wave of refugees arriving in the country. The untenable situation in the area has contributed to increase the flow of people entering Turkey and Greece in their intent on travelling through the Balkans to reach the richer EU countries. They are joined by other human beings coming from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries, writes General Federico Yaniz.

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Iran's historic relations with India undoubtedly will grow as it shall seek improved economic, commercial and military ties with a country it believes has done well and has much to offer it, writes Professor Sohail Mahmood..

As is widely discussed, India isgrowing fast and has become the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. So it badly needs oil and gas from abroad and Iran is one such source. Iran's estimated oil reserves are 136.2 billion barrels and natural gas reserves are 948 trillion cubic feet (tcf). Given the new situation after the international nuclear deal between Iran and the P5+1, an estimated $56 billion of frozen assets will be released eventually. Iran has been closed to Western oil markets for years due to the sanctions, but those restrictions would be lifted soon. It was reported in the CNN on September 1, 2015, that Iran was "wasting no time in planning its comeback, and is aiming to ramp up production faster than many expect despite a supply glut that is killing prices". It was also reported by CNN that Iran had the fourth biggest oil reserves in the world and was pumping about 2.8 million barrels a day, according to experts.

Some of the money is now likely be put into Iran-India energy and infrastructure projects. Given India's hopes to redouble its economy soon by a sustained annual growth of about 8%, Iranian oil and gas, plentiful and close by, would be advantageous. Meanwhile, Iran seeks markets in India and assistance to develop its infrastructure and military. The two nations have kept up a cozy relationship notwithstanding the US pressures.

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The agreement between USA and Iran changes many dynamics. Professor Sohail Mahmood examines the impact and prospects for key neighbours, partners and rivals in this new series.

Strained relations between Pakistan and Iran are about to get warmer. Up until the 1970s Iran and Pakistan were close allies but later, relations deteriorated.

Siddiqa had argued that:
There is enough evidence that speaks volumes about Iran's centrality for Pakistan's security, especially up until the late 1970s. The Shah of Iran had provided material help to Pakistan during the latter's 1965 war with India and was looked upon to admonish New Delhi for any adventurism. In 1969, Pakistan celebrated the Iranian monarchy and Iran celebrated Pakistan Day.... The rise of the jihad culture changed Pakistan's socio-political dynamics. One of the important milestones in our history is the creation of the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan that was encouraged and later established in the 1980s, not just to fight the jihad in Afghanistan, but also to start a sectarian conflict in Pakistan.

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